The following is the principle of semiconductor chips:
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A semiconductor chip is an integrated circuit, made of semiconductor material, used to control and process electrical signals. It is a core component in modern electronic devices, such as computers, mobile phones, automotive electronics, etc.
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The principle of semiconductor chips is based on the properties of semiconductor materials. A semiconductor material is a material that is between a conductor (such as a metal) and an insulator (such as a plastic). Its electrical conductivity is between a conductor and an insulator, and its electrical conductivity can be changed by controlling external conditions.
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The most basic component of a semiconductor chip is the transistor. A transistor consists of three layered semiconductor materials: a P-type semiconductor, an N-type semiconductor, and a P-type semiconductor (or NPN type transistor). Two PN junctions are formed between these semiconductor layers, that is, the junction between the P-type semiconductor and the N-type semiconductor.
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When a positive voltage is applied to the base (B) of the transistor, the PN junction between the P-type semiconductor and the N-type semiconductor becomes conductive, forming a current path. At this point, the transistor is activated, allowing current to flow from the collector (C) to the emitter (E). This state is called saturation.
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In contrast, when a negative voltage is applied to the base of the transistor or no voltage is applied, a barrier layer is formed between the PN junctions, preventing the current from passing through, and the transistor is turned off.
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By controlling the base voltage of the transistor, the on-off and off of the transistor can be controlled, so as to realize the functions of logic operation, signal amplification and switch control in electronic devices.
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In addition to transistors, semiconductor chips contain other components, such as capacitors, resistors, and inductors, to achieve more complex functions.
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To sum up, the principle of semiconductor chips is based on the characteristics of semiconductor materials, by controlling the conduction and cut-off of components such as transistors, to achieve various functions in electronic devices. The application of this principle has made modern electronic devices smaller, faster and more powerful.
Semiconductor chips are a crucial component of modern electronic devices. It is a thin sheet of tiny circuits made of semiconductor material integrated on a flat surface. The principle of semiconductor chips is based on the characteristics of semiconductor materials and the working principle of electronic devices.
Semiconductor materials usually refer to materials such as silicon (Si) or gallium arsenide (GaAs), which have a special electronic structure. In semiconductor materials, the valence electrons of atoms have a certain degree of freedom and can participate in the conduction process of electrons.
The manufacturing process of semiconductor chips mainly consists of the following steps:
1. Material preparation: Select the appropriate semiconductor material, and carry out purification and crystal growth to obtain high-quality single crystal semiconductor material.
2. Material doping: Through the doping process, a small amount of other elements are introduced into the semiconductor material to change its electronic structure and conductive properties.
3. Manufacturing circuit structure: Using process steps such as lithography, etching and deposition, tiny circuit structures and components are manufactured and complex circuit networks are formed.
4. Circuit connection: The various circuits are connected through metal wires or multi-layer metal interconnection layers to form a complete circuit function.
The electronic devices in semiconductor chips mainly include transistors, diodes, resistors and capacitors. By controlling the movement, flow and storage of electrons in semiconductor materials, the functions of signal amplification, switch control and logic operation are realized. Different kinds of electronic devices and complex circuit structures can achieve a variety of functions, including computing, storage, communication, sensing and control.