After 1 nanometer, the development of chips will face huge challenges. One possible direction of development is the adoption of new materials and structures, such as two-dimensional materials, quantum dots, etc., to achieve smaller sizes and higher performance.
Another direction is to explore new computing architectures, such as quantum computing, neural networks, etc., to improve computing power and efficiency. In addition, problems such as energy consumption and heat dissipation need to be solved to ensure the reliability and sustainable development of the chip. In summary, the development of chips after 1 nanometer will involve innovation and breakthroughs in many aspects.
Materials and lithography equipment need to be replaced.
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The current silicon-based chips and UV lithography machines are unable to achieve 1nm processes, because silicon atoms are 1\/4nm, and the transistor structure makes the size of the transistor cannot be less than 1nm. So if you want to be less than 1nm, you must replace other materials smaller than silicon atoms, and the lithography equipment needs to be modified. But it is not yet possible to find a replacement material, and laboratory projects have carbon-based chips, but their structures are larger than 1nm.