Currently, the physical limit of silicon-based chips is thought to be around 3 nanometers. As technology evolves, chipmakers are constantly pushing this limit to achieve smaller, higher-performance chips. However, as the size decreases, there are many challenges, such as quantum effects, thermal effects, and manufacturing complexity. Therefore, to break the physical limit of 3 nanometers, innovative materials, processes, and design methods are required.
In the future, new materials and technologies, such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots, may appear to promote the further development of chip technology.