The fabrication of atomic-scale chips requires the use of a new technique called atomic layer deposition (ALD), which allows the chip to be grown step by step on a single atomic layer, rather than using a lithography machine for large-scale processing.
ALD can control the position of each atom in a precise way to create a chip structure that can self-assemble. Therefore, atomic chip manufacturing does not require a lithography machine, but some special equipment and technology to grow the chip.
This new technology allows chip manufacturing to become more refined and efficient, making it possible to create smaller, faster, and stronger chips.